Aqoonta Shaandheeya
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1. Tilmaamaha Nadiifinta Uumiga ee Khaanadaha Nadiifka ah ee Kartridge-ka Nadiifka ah
Shaandheeyayaasha terminal-ka ka saarista bakteeriyada waa in lagu nadiifiyaa uumiga si loogu sameeyo wax soo saarka badbaadada warshadaha dawooyinka, sababtoo ah qaab-dhismeedkooda kala duwan ee walxaha polymer-ka ee sarreeya, nadiifinta uumiga waa inay raacdaa hababka hoos ku xusan si adag, haddii kale shaandheeyayaasha si fudud ayay u dhaawacmi doonaan.
Nidaamyada Nadiifinta Uumiga ee Khadka Tooska ah:
1). Si buuxda u xidh waalka meesha laga baxo, si yar u fur waalka meesha laga soo galo si aad u hagaajiso cadaadiska uumiga 0.1-0.13 Mbar.
2). Si yar u fur waalka meesha laga baxo oo xidh waalkaas marka uumigu bilaabo inuu soo daato, adigoo haysta 30 daqiiqo cadaadiska 0.1MPa.
(Fiiro gaar ah: Ha si buuxda u furin waalka meesha laga baxo, haddii kale uumiga badanku wuxuu waxyeelayn doonaa shaandhada heerkul sare)
3). Marka khadka nadiifinta la dhammeeyo, isla markiiba ku shub hawo nadiif ah ama N2 nidaamka, cadaadiska ka dhig 0.02 Mpa oo ka sarreeya cadaadiska uumiga.
4). Haysashada ilaa heerkulku ka hooseeyo 100℃, kordhi cadaadiska hawada si aad u qaboojiso kartoonada shaandhada.
5). Haddii kartoonada shaandhada ay aad u qoyan tahay oo uumigu si fudud u dhex mari karo, waxaan u baahanahay inaan marka hore uumi bixinno biyaha ku jira shaandhada iyadoo cadaadis uumi oo hooseeya la saarayo, ka dibna aan u kordhinno cadaadiska la codsaday si loo nadiifiyo marka uumigu ka soo baxo waalka meesha laga baxo.

Qoraalo Muhiim ah:
a) Si adag u xakamee cadaadiska uumiga, ku hay 0.13Mpa marka la nadiifinayo.
b) Uumiga loo isticmaalo nadiifinta waa inuu ka xor ahaadaa uumiga, kaas oo dhex mara xuubka oo dhaawici lahaa heerkul sare.
c) Waa in la adeegsadaa hab ku filan oo loogu talagalay dheecaanka condensate si loo hubiyo in uumigu ka xor yahay condensate-ka marka la nadiifinayo.
d) Qaboojinta nidaamka shaandhada waa tallaabada ugu muhiimsan, habka ugu habboon waa in la xiro waalka oo la ilaaliyo cadaadiska si uu si dabiici ah u qaboojiyo, ama sida ku xusan tallaabada 3aad ee kor ku xusan. Hawada cadaadiska sare leh iyo biyaha qabow looma oggola inay waxyeeleeyaan kartoonka shaandhada iyagoo aan qaab lahayn.
e) Marka la nadiifinayo, si tartiib ah u hagaaji waalka meesha laga baxo si aad u xakamayso cadaadiska kala duwan ee ka hooseeya 0.12Mpa.
f) Tijaabada hufnaanta ayaa lagama maarmaan u ah si loo hubiyo in shaandhada aysan waxyeello gaarin ka dib marka la nadiifiyo uumiga.
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2. Imtixaanka Daacadnimada
Shaandheeyayaasha waa in la xaqiijiyaa daacadnimada qaab-dhismeedka ka hor iyo ka dib isticmaalka, saddex hab oo kala ah: tijaabada barta xumbo, tijaabada faafinta iyo baaritaanka duullaanka biyaha ayaa loo isticmaali karaa iyadoo loo eegayo GMP. Dareeraha qoynta waa walxaha caadiga ah (biyo, khamri, iwm) ama dareeraha warshadaynta.
1. Mabda'a: Qiimaha tijaabada daacadnimada waxaa lagu ogaadaa habka tirakoobka, iyadoo loo eegayo kala duwanaanshaha xiisadda dusha sare ama xuduudaha kale ee jireed ee dareerayaasha kala duwan.
2. Noocyada shaandhada la ogaaday:
Shaandheeyayaasha xuubka (micron
Shaandheeyayaasha xuubka ka saarista bakteeriyada
Shaandheeyayaasha xuubka ka saarista fayraska
Shaandheeyayaasha hawada ee Hydrophobic
3. Shayada tijaabada: barta xumbo, faafinta, haynta cadaadiska ama tijaabada duullaanka biyaha;
4. Habka isku xirka
Tijaabada shaandhada kaarjeerka:

Tijaabada shaandhada saxanka:

5. Habraacyada tijaabinta daacadnimada
a. Ku qoyso kartoonada shaandhada ama xuubka dareeraha ku habboon
b. Ku xidh tijaabiyaha hufnaanta isha hawada iyo isha korontada, ka dibna ku xidh hoyga shaandhada.
c. Bilow tijaabiyaha hufnaanta, habka baaritaanka gelinta iyo xogta;
d. Ku rakib kaarboorka shaandhada qoyan ama xuubka guriga, si otomaatig ah u ogaada oo go'aami natiijooyinka.
6. Qoraallada Tijaabiyaha Daacadnimada
1) Xaaladda shaqada:
a. Awoodda: 100-240 V, 50/60Hz, 1.6A;
b. Shuruudaha isha hawada: nadiif ah, heerkulka qolka, qalalan, hawo cadaadis la'aan saliid ama N2,
c. Cadaadiska hawada: ⼜7000mbar, caadiyan 6000mbar;
d. Heerkulka hawlgalka: 5-40℃;
e. Qoyaanka qaraabada ah: 20~80%
2). Dayactirka
a. Si taxaddar leh u dhaqaaq;
b. Xasilinta danabka korontada;
c. Hubi tayada hawada iyo xasilloonida cadaadiska;
d. Qalabka nadiif ka dhig;
e. Ka fogow dareeraha inuu galo qalabka gudaha;
f. Si joogto ah u hagaaji dareemaha cadaadiska, La tasho alaab-qeybiyaha qalabka;
g. Marka aan la isticmaalin muddo dheer, qalabka tijaabiya shaandhada ku rid sanduuqyo, oo ku kaydi meel qalalan.
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3. Sidee loo Doortaa Shaandhada Saxda ah?
Magaca
Astaamaha ugu Muhiimsan
Codsiyada
Cellulose Isku Dhafan
① porosity sare, awoodda haynta wanaagsan,
②Ha iska caabin dareeraha dabiiciga ah, aashitada xooggan iyo khamriga alkaline
③Aad u kharash badan
① Bakteeriyada ama walxaha laga saaro dufcad yar ama shaybaar
②Go'aaminta E.coli ee biyaha
Xuubka ③2 um iyo 5 um ayaa loo isticmaali karaa shaandhaynta shidaalka
Nayloon (polyamide)
Hydrophilicity dabiiciga ah, iska caabbinta khamriga alkaline iyo dareeraha dabiiciga ah, gaar ahaan Ketone, Ester, Ether ① walxaha ama ka saarista bakteeriyada
② Shaandhaynta sawir-qaadista ee warshadaha elektaroonigga ah
③noocyada dareeraha iyo shaandhaynta daawooyinka
Nitrocellulose
Hydrophilicity wanaagsan, nuugista borotiinka oo sarreeya, oo aan iska caabin keton, aashito xooggan iyo alkaline ① Dhaqanka bakteeriyada iyo falanqaynta bayoolaji ee cilmi-baarista caafimaadka iyo ogaanshaha,
②DNA, tijaabooyinka isku-dhafka RNA iyo xaqiijinta
③ ogaanshaha scintillation liquid, diyaarinta raadraaca raadiyaha.
④Electrophoresis, falanqaynta walxaha raadadka, iwm.
Cellulose acetate
Hydrophilicity wanaagsan, nuugista borotiinka oo hooseeya, iska caabin la'aanta keton, aashitada xooggan iyo alkaline ①Suit for alcohols Low molecular, shaandhaynta xal dufan
② Cabbiraadda qaybaha gaarka ah
Muraayadaha microfiber-ka
Heerka socodka sare iyo iska caabbinta heerkulka, nuugid wanaagsan oo loo sameeyo colloid, saliid iyo walxo. ①la socodka wasakhowga hawada
② Shaandhaynta molecular-ka waaweyn ee bayoolojiga ah
③ sifeyn hore
Polypropylene
aashitada iyo alkali u adkaysta, xirashada iyo saameynta u adkaysta, micropore-ka si siman u qaybsama. Si ballaaran ayaa loogu isticmaalaa duritaanka, dareeraha afka laga qaato, khamriga, cabitaanka, biyaha, sifeynta hawada, iwm. Polyethersulfone Wax soo saar sare, nuugid borotiin hooseeya, iswaafajin kiimiko oo wanaagsan iyo heerkul-qaboojin, xoog farsamo oo sare, oo ku milma dareerayaasha cidhifka (Chloroform, Acetone, iwm.) ①Farmashiyaha: Shaandhaynta terminalka ee LVP, SVP, Serum, iwm.
②Cuntada: Cabitaan, khamri, iwm. Shaandhaynta terminal-ka
③ Shaandhaynta terminalka biyaha ee Ultrapure
Polyvinylide Fluoride
① Xuubka Hydrophobic
②Xasillooni wanaagsan
③Heerka socodka khafiifka ah oo sarreeya
④Iswaafajinta kiimikada ee ballaaran
⑤Iska caabbinta heerkulka sare (-40-260℃)
⑥U beddel xuubka hydrophilic iyadoo la adeegsanayo daaweynta khamriga
①Ka saar walxaha si loo hagaajiyo heerka khamriga, aashitada, alkane, aromatics iyo dareere hydrocarbon halogenated, iwm.
②Sifeynta nadiifka ah ee hawada ee halsano
③ Kala soocidda iyo nadiifinta borotiinka aan gaarka ahayn
④Ururka xalka biyaha, kala soocida kiimikada iyo dib u warshadaynta
Polytetrafluoroethylene
Iska caabbinta alkaline xooggan, aashitada iyo heerkulka sare (-40-260℃), waxay leeyihiin xuub hydrophobic ah iyo xuub hydrophilic ah ①Hydrophilic: Caddeynta asiidhyada xooggan iyo alkali, Shaandhaynta kiimikooyinka gaarka ah
②Hydrophobic: sifeyn nadiif ah oo hawada/gaaska ah
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4. Intee in le'eg ayay le'eg tahay cimriga adeegga ee kartoonada shaandhada?
Hoos waxaa ku qoran waqtiga la is weydaarsan karo kartoonada shaandhada, midkii ugu horreeya ee dhaca.
1). Kartoonka shaandhada ayaa ku guuldareysta tijaabada daacadnimada.
2). Cadaadiska kala duwanaanshuhu wuxuu ka sarreeyay 2 bar.
3). Heerka socodka ma buuxin karo codsiga wax soo saarka.
4). Cimriga adeegga la xaqiijiyay waa la gaaray.
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5. Habka Ilaalinta Kartoonada Shaandhaynta Tilmaamaha Nadiifinta Uumiga ee Khaanadaha Shaandhaynta Heerka Nadiifka ah
Kartoonka shaandhada waa in si fiican loo baakadeeyaa ka hor inta aan la isticmaalin (kartoonka shaandhada ee heerka nadiifka ah waa in lagu shubaa faakiyuum), ka dibna ku kaydi meel qabow, nadiif ah, qalalan, ka fogow qorraxda, roobka, ama ilaha kulaylka;
Kartoonka shaandhada waa in la raaciyaa oo la nadiifiyaa ka dib isticmaalka, ka dibna lagu dhex shubaa xal cusub oo 5% NaCl ah si loogu kaydiyo muddo gaaban ama la qalajiyaa si loogu kaydiyo muddo dheer.
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6. Habka Qallalan ee Kaarboorka Shaandheeyaha
Si buuxda ugu qalaji kartoonka shaandhada foornada qalajinta korontada ku shaqeysa 55℃~60 muddo 24 saacadood ah ama ka badan, ilaa tayada kartoonka shaandhada ay ka yaraato 1% 1 saac gudaheed.
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7. Shaxda U-hoggaansanaanta Kiimikada
Magaca Kiimikada
Nayloon PES-yada PP Oktoobar PVDF Silikoon Viton EPDM Khamri
Pentanol R R R R R Maya. R R Khamriga Benzyl R R R R R LR R R Butanol R R R R R Maya. Maya. Khamriga Ethyl R R R R R R LR R Isopropanol R R R R R R Maya. R Methyl Alcohol R R R R R R -- R Diethyl ether R R LR R R LR Maya. Maya. Ethers
Isopropyl ethers --- --- R R R Maya. Maya. Maya. Dioxane --- R R R Maya. Maya. Tetrahydrofuran R Maya. LR LR LR Maya. Maya. R Haydrocarbon udgoon leh
Benzene LR LR Maya. LR LR Maya. R Maya. Methylbenzene Maya. LR Maya. LR LR Maya. R Maya. Xylene LR LR Maya. LR LR Maya. R Maya. Glykols
Ethylidene Glycol R R R R R R R R Glycerin R R R R R R R R Propylene Glycol Maya. R R R R R R Halocarbon
Tetrachloromethane LR LR LR LR LR Maya. R Maya. Trichloromethane LR Maya. LR LR LR Maya. R Maya. Ethylene dichloride LR Maya. LR LR LR Maya. LR LR TF Freon R R LR R R Maya. R Maya. TMC Freon LR Maya. LR LR LR Maya. LR Maya. Dikloromethane LR Maya. LR LR LR Maya. LR Maya. Perchlorethylene --- LR LR LR LR Maya. R Maya. Trichloro ethylene LR LR LR Maya. Maya. Maya. R Maya. Acids
Aashitada asiidhka ah Maya. R R R LR Maya. LR Aashitada Haydrochloric (xoog leh) Maya. LR R R R Maya. R LR Aashitada Haydrochloric (6N) Maya. -- R R R Maya. R LR Nitrate (xoog leh) Maya. Maya. R R R LR LR Maya. Nitrate (6N) Maya. --- R R R LR R Maya. fosfoorik aashito (Awood leh) Maya. --- R R R Maya. R Maya. Sulfate (xoog leh) Maya. Maya. R R R Maya. R Maya. Aashitada Haydrofluoric (6N) Maya. --- Maya. R R Maya. -- Maya. Ester
Amyl acetate LR -- R R Maya. Maya. R n-Butyl Acetate LR --- LR R R Maya. Maya. R Eter-ka Asetic LR LR LR R R Maya. R Methyl acetate LR Maya. R R -- Maya. R Isopropyl acetate -- R R R R LR Maya. R Saldhig
Ammonium Haydrooksaydh (3N) R R R R R R R R Ammonium hydroxide(6N) R R R R R R LR LR Potassium Haydrooksaydh (3N) R R R R R LR R R Sodiyam Haydrooksaydh (3N) R R R R R R R R Sodiyam Haydrooksaydh (6N) R R R R R R R LR Saliidaha
Saliidda Iniinta Cudbiga R -- --- R R R R LR Saliid Saliidaynaysa R Maya. R R R R R R Saliid Loos ah R --- R R R R R LR Saliid Sisin ah R Maya. R R R R R R Ketone
Asetone R Maya. R R R Maya. Maya. R Cyclohexanone --- Maya. R R R Maya. Maya. R Methyl Ethyl Ketone LR -- R R R Maya. Maya. R Methyl Isobutyl Ketone LR Maya. R R R Maya. Maya. LR Kuwa kale
Fenilamiin LR Maya. LR LR R Maya. R R Dimethylformamide R Maya. R R R R Maya. R Formaldehyde 37% R R R R R R Maya. R Formaldehyde 4% R R R R R R R R Shidaal R R R R R Maya. R R Hexane -- LR LR LR LR Maya. R Maya. Gaaska Kerosene -- R R R R Maya. R Maya. Feneel R Maya. R R Maya. Maya. Turpentine -- R LR R R Maya. R Maya. Biyo R R R R R R R R Acetonitrile LR R LR R R -- Maya. R Molybdenum Sulfate R -- R R R R -- R 2) Fiiro gaar ah:
3) Shaxdan waxaa loogu talagalay oo keliya tixraac ahaan.
R=Awood u adkaysta, LR= Awood u adkaysta xaddidan, NR= Aan u adkaysta, --= Aan u adkaysta tijaabinta.

